If you asked younger Linux users to tell you what their first Linux distribution was, we bet that Ubuntu would be the most common answer. First released in 2004, Ubuntu has helped establish Linux as a viable alternative to Windows and macOS and convinced millions that not all good things in life cost money. But we’re now in 2019, and there are many excellent desktop Linux distributions that are not based on Ubuntu, and we’ve selected five of them for this article and sorted them by their popularity. Manjaro Manjaro is based on Arch Linux, a rolling-release distribution for computers based on x86-64 architectures that follows the KISS principle (“keep it simple, stupid”), emphasizing elegance, code correctness, minimalism, and simplicity. Manjaro sticks to the KISS principle as closely as possible, but it also focuses on user-friendliness and accessibility to make the distribution suitable for Linux newbies and veterans alike. One of the most praise-worthy features of Manjaro is pacman, a versatile package manager borrowed from Arch Linux. To make pacman more user-friendly, Manjaro includes front-end GUI package manager tools called Pamac and Octopi. Three flagship editions of Manjaro are available— XFCE, KDE, and GNOME—but users can also choose from several community editions, including OpenBox, Cinnamon, i3, Awesome, Budgie, MATE, and Deepin. All editions of Manjaro come with a GUI installer and embrace the rolling release model. By combining the user-friendliness of Ubuntu with the customizability of Arch Linux, Manjaro developers have created a Linux distribution that allows beginners to learn and grow with it and experienced users to get done more in less time. Because Manjaro boots into a live system, you can easily try it either using a virtual machine or by running it from a DVD or USB flash drive. Solus Unlike most popular Linux distributions that you come across these days, Solus is a completely independent desktop operating system built from scratch. Its main goal is to offer a cohesive desktop computing experience, which is something many Linux distributions have been trying to do, with mixed results. Solus is built around Budgie, a desktop environment that uses various GNOME technologies and is developed by the Solus project, but other desktop environments are available as well, including MATE, and GNOME. Budgie shares many design principles with Windows, but it’s far more customizable and flexible. Solus ships with a whole host of useful software applications to take care of all your computing needs right out of the box. Content creators can animate in Synfig Studio, produce music in Musescore or Mixxx, design and illustrate in GIMP and Inkscape, and edit video in Avidemux or Shotcut. All applications and system components are continuously updated, so there are no large OS updates to worry about. Fedora Fedora would never be the Linux distribution of choice of Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel, if it didn’t do something right. First released in 2003, Fedora is known for focusing on innovation and offering cutting-edge features that take months to appear in other Linux distributions. The development of this Linux distribution is sponsored by Red Hat, who uses it as the upstream source of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution. Thanks to built-in Docker support, you can containerize your own apps or deploy containerized apps out of the box on Fedora. The default desktop environment in Fedora is GNOME 3, which was chosen for its user-friendliness and complete support for open source development tools. That said, several other desktop environments, including XFCE, KDE, MATE, and Cinnamon, are available as well. Just like Ubuntu, Fedora is also great as a server operating system. It features an enterprise-class, scalable database server powered by the open-source PostgreSQL project, brings a new Modular repository that provides additional versions of software on independent lifecycles, and comes with powerful administration tools to help you monitor your system’s performance and status. openSUSE Once known as SUSE Linux and SuSE Linux Professional, openSUSE is a popular Linux distribution that offers two distinct release models: rolling release and 2/3–3/4 years per fixed release. openSUSE Tumbleweed provides the rolling release model, while openSUSE Leap provides the traditional release model. Regardless of which release model you choose, you can always access all openSUSE tools, including the comprehensive Linux system configuration and installation tool YaST, the open and complete distribution development platform Open Build Service, or the powerful Linux software management engine ZYpp, which provides the backend for the default command line package management tool for openSUSE, zypper. OpenSUSE has been around since 2005, and it’s now in the hands of Swedish private equity group EQT Partners, which purchased it for $2.5 billion in July 2018. The acquisition didn’t affect the distribution’s development in any way, and SUSE developers expect the partnership with EQT to help it exploit the excellent market opportunity both in the Linux operating system area and in emerging product groups in the open source space, according to its official press release. Debian You probably know that Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution, but you may not know that Debian is actually a great alternative to Ubuntu. Not only is Debian one of the earliest Linux distributions in the world, but it’s also one of the most active, with over 51,000 packages and translations in 75 languages. Since its beginning in 1993, Debian has been firmly committed to free software. The famous Debian Social Contract states that the distribution will always remain 100 percent free and will never require the use of a non-free component. It also states that Debian developers will always give back to the free software community by communicating things such as bug fixes to upstream authors. Before you download and install Debian, you should familiarize yourself with its three main branches. The Stable branch targets stable and well-tested software to provide maximum stability. The Testing branch includes software that has received some testing but is not ready to be included in the Stable branch just yet. Finally, the Unstable branch includes bleeding-edge software that is likely to have some bugs. ...

The present Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) in use today is version 2.3 which was unveiled in January of 2004.  As more people continue to embrace open source systems such as Linux, the need to know more about critical aspects such as file systems becomes a necessity. When trying to understand the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy, the starting point should always be to identify the entry point that is commonly referred as to the root. Most Windows OS users are aware that the root is typically identified with the letter representation of the hard disk which is usually C:. However, when it comes to Linux, things are a bit different. Unlike in Windows, Linux doesn’t identify the route with either a location or a physical device such as the computer’s hard drive. Instead, it is a logical location only represented as “/.” In Linux, everything is viewed as a file while in other operating systems such as Windows, portions such as the disk drives might be portrayed as they are. As highlighted earlier, the hard disk is commonly represented with letters connoting the drive such as C:, D: E:. In Linux on the other hand, the drives are described as /dev/sda, /dev/sda1 which is basically one file showing where all the other files are. On a more practical approach, the location of ‘My Documents’ on a popular operating system such as Windows will be C:UsersUserNameDocuments whereas the ‘documents’ in Linux would be located in /home/username/Documents. When you start getting comfortable using Linux, you will often wonder why different programs are located under different directories such as /sbin,  /bin,  /usr/sbin, or /usr/bin. Not all high-level directories were made the same. All these individual directories have a role and function that contributes to the whole system working as one. / – Root This is where it all begins –defined as one forward slash. It is the logical entry point in the Linux file system. Every directory and file starts from this point in one way or another. It is also where the whole Linux OS is housed. It’s important to know that not all users have access to this directory. It’s only the root user who has the power and privilege to read and write under this directory. /bin This is the location of most of the binary files. Some handy commands used by both admins and non-privileged users such as mv, cp, cat, rm and ls are stored here. Unlike /usr/bin, the binary files located here are considered primary and as such essential. This is due to critical system programs housed there. In compliance with the Linux Filesystem Standard (FSSTND) document, /bin cannot have subdirectories. /boot This is the location of all the files needed by the operating system to fully boot. It’s common best practice to have these files on a different partition on the hard drive especially when you are dual*-booting. On Linux, even though you have installed the boot files on a separate partition, they are still logically located at /boot. The kernel also uses this location to keep relevant information such as backup master boot records, system map files and other critical data that cannot directly be changed by users. /dev This is the location where your physical devices such as USB drives, hard drives, optical drives, etc. are housed. As noted earlier, the system hard drive is mounted under this directory where we get /dev/sda and with a USB drive, /dev/sde. In windows, when we want to see the list of connected physical devices such as hard drives, we head on to the “My Computer” section where you see all the attached physical devices and drives. On Linux, /dev is its equivalent. When you dive into this directory, you will see what is meant by “everything is a file or directory in Linux.” While comparing the characteristics of the files located here and those of your hardware, you will quickly notice that you can influence devices from this location. For instance, when you send a file to /dev/lp0 which is the printer, it gets printed! /etc This is where all system related configuration files are located. The configuration file is defined as a local file that is used by a program; however, it must be static. Usually, the contents of this directory affect all users on the system regardless of their administrative power. Since it’s the files in here that are used to direct programs to perform various tasks, it’s usually prudent to regularly backup this directory as it might save you a lot of effort and tears if you lose or corrupt a current installation. /home It is the location where users usually spend a chunk of their time. Since Linux is a multi-user environment, each user must have a space to call their own which is only accessible by the user and the administrator. Under this directory, you will find your Downloads, Documents, Desktop, photos, etc. as such we have these items in a location such as /home/username/directory. Now, this is your playground. Here is where you make the magic happen. Whether you want to delete files, write them, install software, etc., it’s all done from this point. This location also houses the famous dot files, which are basically the configuration files for your account on a given machine. /lib This directory houses the libraries. They are basically modules that are needed to run commands in /sbin and /bin. Most of the time when we are installing Linux software, we can see libraries download automatically. These are system files that help a software to run. /mnt This is typically used as a placeholder folder for mounting other removable devices. If you want to add a network location, this is the location. For example, homes with media servers can use it as a mount point (/mnt/server). On Linux, a user is allowed to create mount points from just about any location. However, for the sake of practicality and organization, you shouldn’t have open mount points all over your system. /opt This location is used for add-on packages and software that was not part of the original installation. For instance, software such as Kylix, StarOffice, WordPerfect and Netscape Communicator are all found here in adherence to FSSTND guidelines. /root This is basically the home of the System Administrator. At first, the concept of root on root is a bit confusing but to keep things tidy, a home for the administrator was built. In here, the administrator is known as a superuser and is regarded as being the master of the system. Inside here there are no limitations to what the user can do. However, since some of the actions are irreversible, you should probably not touch anything unless you are one hundred percent sure of what you are doing. In conclusion, I would love to remind our dear readers that Linux is a logical system as opposed to a physical one. Even though different folders might be in different sections of the hard drive, logically they are all in the same location. Starting out might seem a bit hard, but everything has a learning curve. The more you use the system, the faster you will understand it and eventually become a master. Distros of Linux that are graphic based such as Linux Mint and Ubuntu might be the best to ease the way as you start learning. Sources https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/3/html/Reference_Guide/s1-filesystem-fhs.html https://wiki.debian.org/FilesystemHierarchyStandard http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/ http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/09/linux-file-system-structure/ http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/the-linux-file-system-structure-explained ...

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